Image caption
(left to right) The geographic pattern of precipitation we'd expect for this past winter (Dec-Feb 2024-25) based on the historical relationship with past observed Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) values from 1952-2025, the geographic pattern of precipitation we'd expect for this past winter based on past Relative Oceanic Niño Index (RONI) values over the same period, and the precipitation pattern that occurred this past winter from ERA5 Reanalysis,. The larger differences from average in the center plot relative to the left plot primarily reflect the lower RONI value this past winter (-1.2°C) compared with the observed ONI (-0.6°C). NOAA Climate.gov image, based on analysis by Nat Johnson.